its information society. Information society and its features

The history of the concept

The term "information society" owes its name to the professor of the Tokyo Institute of Technology Y. Hayashi, whose term was used in the works of F. Machlup (1962) and T. Umesao (1963) that appeared almost simultaneously - in Japan and the USA. The theory of the "information society" was developed by such well-known authors as M. Porat, J. Massuda, T. Stoner, R. Karts and others; to one degree or another, it received support from those researchers who focused not so much on the progress of information technologies themselves, but on the formation of a technological, or technetronic (technetronic - from the Greek. techne), society, or denoted modern society, starting from the increased or growing role of knowledge, as "the knowledgeable society", "knowledge society" or "knowledge-value society". Today, there are dozens of concepts proposed to designate individual, sometimes even completely insignificant features of modern society, for one reason or another called, nevertheless, based on its characteristics. Thus, in contrast to the first approach to terminological designations, the second one leads, in fact, to the rejection of generalizing concepts and limits the researchers who profess it to the study of relatively particular issues.

Since 1992, Western countries have also begun to use the term, for example, the concept of "national global information infrastructure" was introduced in the United States after the well-known conference of the National Science Foundation and the famous report of B. Clinton and A. Gore. The concept of "information society" appeared in the work of the European Commission's Expert Group on Information Society Programs under the leadership of Martin Bangemann, one of Europe's most respected experts on the information society; information highways and superhighways - in Canadian, British and American publications.

At the end of the XX century. the terms information society and informatization have firmly taken their place, and not only in the lexicon of information specialists, but also in the lexicon of politicians, economists, teachers and scientists. In most cases, this concept was associated with the development of information technology and telecommunications, allowing on the platform of civil society (or at least its declared principles) to make a new evolutionary leap and worthily enter the next, 21st century already as an information society or its initial stage.

It should be noted that a number of Western and domestic political scientists and political economists are inclined to draw a sharp line separating the concept of the information society from post-industrialism. However, although the concept of the information society is intended to replace the theory of a post-industrial society, its supporters repeat and further develop a number of the most important provisions of technocracy and traditional futurology.

It is symptomatic that a number of leading researchers who formulated the theory of a post-industrial society, such as D. Bell, are currently acting as supporters of the concept of the information society. For Bell himself, the concept of the information society has become a kind of new stage in the development of the theory of post-industrial society. As Bell stated, "a revolution in the organization and processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role, is developing in the context of what I have called a post-industrial society."

According to Professor W. Martin, the information society is understood as a "developed post-industrial society" that arose primarily in the West. In his opinion, it is not accidental that the information society is established primarily in those countries - in Japan, the United States and Western Europe - in which a post-industrial society was formed in the 60s and 70s.

W. Martin made an attempt to identify and formulate the main characteristics of the information society according to the following criteria.

• Technological: the key factor is information technologies, which are widely used in production, institutions, the education system and in everyday life.
• Social: information acts as an important stimulant for changing the quality of life, "information consciousness" is formed and affirmed with wide access to information.
• Economic: information is a key factor in the economy as a resource, service, product, source of value added and employment.
• Political: freedom of information leading to a political process characterized by growing participation and consensus among different classes and social strata of the population.
• Cultural: recognition of the cultural value of information by promoting the assertion of information values ​​in the interests of the development of the individual and society as a whole.

At the same time, Martin emphasizes the idea that communication is "a key element of the information society."

Martin notes that, speaking of the information society, it should not be taken literally, but considered as a landmark, a trend of change in modern Western society. According to him, in general, this model is focused on the future, but in the developed capitalist countries one can already name a number of changes caused by information technologies that confirm the concept of the information society.

Among these changes, Martin lists the following:

• structural changes in the economy, especially in the area of ​​labor distribution; increased awareness of the importance of information and information technology;
• growing awareness of the need for computer literacy;
• widespread use of computers and information technology;
• development of computerization and informatization of society and education;
• government support for the development of computer microelectronic technology and telecommunications.
• widespread - computer viruses and malware around the world.

In light of these changes, Martin argues, “the information society can be defined as a society in which the quality of life, as well as the prospects for social change and economic development, increasingly depend on information and its exploitation. In such a society, living standards, forms of work and leisure, the education system and the market are all greatly influenced by advances in information and knowledge.”

In an expanded and detailed form, the concept of the information society (taking into account the fact that it almost completely includes the theory of post-industrial society developed by him in the late 60s and early 70s) is proposed by D. Bell. As Bell argues, “In the coming century, the emergence of a new way of life based on telecommunications is of decisive importance for economic and social life, for the methods of production of knowledge, and also for the nature of human work. The revolution in the organization and processing of information and knowledge, in which the computer plays a central role, is unfolding simultaneously with the formation of a post-industrial society. Moreover, according to Bell, three aspects of post-industrial society are especially important for understanding this revolution. This refers to the transition from an industrial society to a service society, which determines the importance of codified scientific knowledge for the implementation of technological innovations and the transformation of a new “intelligent technology” into a key tool for system analysis and decision theory.

A qualitatively new moment was the possibility of managing large complexes of organizations and the production of systems that require coordination of the activities of hundreds of thousands and even millions of people. There has been and continues to be a rapid development of new scientific areas, such as information theory, computer science, cybernetics, decision theory, game theory, etc., that is, areas related specifically to the problems of organizational sets.

One of the extremely unpleasant aspects of the informatization of society is the loss of stability by the information society. Due to the increasing role of information, small groups can have a significant impact on all people. Such influence, for example, can be exercised through terror, actively covered by the media. Modern terrorism is one of the consequences of reducing the stability of society as it becomes informatized.

Restoring the sustainability of the information society can be achieved through the strengthening of accounting policies. One of the new directions for strengthening people accounting policies is biometrics. Biometrics is engaged in the creation of machines capable of independently recognizing people. After the events of September 11, 2001, at the initiative of the United States, the active use of international passports with biometric identification of people by automatic machines began when crossing the borders of states.

The second most important direction for strengthening accounting policies in the information society is the massive use of cryptography. An example is a SIM card in a cell phone, it contains cryptographic protection of accounting for payment by subscribers of a digital communication channel leased from an operator. Cell phones are digital, it was the transition to digital that made it possible to provide everyone with communication channels, but without cryptography in SIM cards, cellular communications could not become mass. Operators cellular communication would not be able to reliably control the fact of having money on the subscriber's account and operations to withdraw money for using the communication channel.

Russia

Several stages can be distinguished in the activities of the authorities in the development and implementation of state policy in the field of information society development in Russia. At the first (1991-1994) the foundations were formed in the field of informatization. The second stage (1994-1998) was characterized by a change in priorities from informatization to the development of information policy. The third stage, which continues to this day, is the stage of policy formation in the field of building the information society. In 2002, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the Federal Target Program "Electronic Russia 2002-2010." which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the information society in the Russian regions.

In order to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of personal biometric data, Russia was the first developed country to start creating a special package of national standards: GOST R 52633.0-2006 (enacted); GOST R 52633.1-2009 (put into effect), GOST R 52633.2 (passed public discussion); GOST R 52633.3 GOST R 52633.4 (developed, being prepared for public discussion); GOST R 52633.5 (developed, being prepared for public discussion).

Since other countries do not yet have national standards for converting a person's biometrics into his personal cryptographic key, presumably the standards of the GOST R 52633 .xx package will be used in the future as the basis for the corresponding international standards. In this regard, it is interesting to note that already existing international biometric standards were originally created as US national standards.

Belarus

In 2010, the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus approved the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in Belarus until 2015 and a plan of priority measures for its implementation for 2010 (development of the information society is one of the national priorities and is a national task). The formation of the foundations of the information society has been completed, the legal basis for informatization has been laid. In the period up to 2015 in the Republic of Belarus, according to the Strategy for the Development of the Information Society in the Republic of Belarus until 2015, work should be completed on the creation and development of the basic components of the information and communication infrastructure for the development of the state system for the provision of electronic services (electronic government). It will include a nationwide information system integrating government information resources to provide electronic services; a single secure environment for information interaction; public key management system; identification system for individuals and legal entities, as well as a payment gateway integrated with a single settlement information space through which payment transactions will be carried out. According to the informatization plan of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2015, it can be assumed that by 2015, each university will have broadband access to the Internet. The strategy for the development of the information society in the country provides for the growth by 2015 of broadband Internet access ports to 3 million (about 530,000 today), the number of mobile Internet access users will reach 7 million (about 1.6 million today). Today, over 87% of Belarusian schools have some form of Internet access, and over 21% have broadband access.

CIS countries

In the CIS countries, the information society is implemented on the basis of an interstate network of information and marketing centers (IMC network), which is a project similar to the "Digital Agenda for Europe" (Digital Agenda for Europe), presented by the European Commission as a strategy for ensuring the growth of the EU economy in the digital age and the dissemination of digital technologies among all sectors of society.

Literature

1. Abdeev R. F. Philosophy of Information Civilization / Editors: E. S. Ivashkina, V. G. Detkova. - M .: VLADOS, 1994. - S. 96-97. - 336 p. - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-87065-012-7
2. Varakin LE Global Information Society: Development Criteria and Socio-Economic Aspects. -M.: Intern. acad. communications, 2001. - 43 p., ill.
3. Vartanova E. L. Finnish model at the turn of the century: Inform. Finnish society and media in Europe. perspective. : Moscow Publishing House. un-ta, 1999. - 287 p.
4. Voronina T. P. Information society: essence, features, problems. - M., 1995. - 111 p.
5. Korotkov A. V., Kristalny B. V., Kurnosov I. N. State policy Russian Federation in the field of information society development. // Under scientific. ed. A. V. Korotkova. - M.: Train LLC, 2007. ISBN 978-5-903652-01-3. - 472 p.
6. Martin W.J. Information society (Abstract) // Theory and practice of social scientific information. Quarterly / USSR Academy of Sciences. INION; Editorial: V. A. Vinogradov (chief editor) and others - M., 1990. - No. 3. - S. 115-123.
7. Chernov A. Formation of the global information society: problems and prospects.
8. Tuzovsky, I. D. Bright tomorrow? The Dystopia of Futurology and the Futurology of Dystopias. - Chelyabinsk: Chelyab. State Academician. culture and arts, 2009. - 312 p.

Notes

Webster F. Information Society Theories.- M.: Aspect Press, 2004.- 400

see also

• Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the Development of the Information Society in the Russian Federation

Links

• , 2000
• Basil Lvoff Media and information society
• Kostina A.V. Trends in the development of information society culture: analysis of modern information and post-industrial concepts // Electronic journal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2009. - No. 4 - Culturology.
• Pogorsky E.K. The role of youth in the formation of the information society // Information humanitarian portal “Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2012. - No. 2 (March - April) (archived at WebCite).
• Pogorsky E.K. Formation of the information society in the Russian Federation: dialogue between citizens and local governments // Scientific works of the Moscow University for the Humanities. - 2011.
• Skorodumova O. B. Domestic approaches to the interpretation of the information society: post-industrialist, synergetic and postmodernist paradigms // Electronic journal "

Civilization in the process of its development has gone through several stages, at each of which the level of life of both individuals and communities depended on their awareness and ability to process data effectively. The stages of creating new means and methods of data processing, which led to significant changes in society, that is, which changed the mode of production, lifestyle, value system, are called information revolutions.

Information revolutions have caused a phased transition from an agrarian society to an information society, where intelligence and knowledge are the means and products of production.

Why is society called an information society?

The information society is a new historical phase in the development of civilization, in which the main products of production are data and knowledge.

The name "information society" first appeared in Japan. The experts who proposed this term explained that it defines a society in which high quality circulates in abundance, as well as all the necessary means for its storage, distribution and use. Information is easily and quickly distributed according to the requirements of interested people and organizations and is given to them in the form they are used to. The cost of using information services is so low that they are available to everyone

The term "information" ("computerized") society is one in which all spheres of life of its members include computers and services that meet the information needs of the user, as well as other informatics tools as tools of intellectual labor.

The information society is also called the knowledge society or the global competence society, since the main requirements of the 21st century society for the training of competitive specialists include:

• ability for critical thinking;
• universal, systemic knowledge;
• key competencies in the field of information and communication technologies (ICT);
• ability to make decisions;
• ability to manage dynamic processes;
• ability to work in a team (team)
• effective communication skills.

These skills were formulated by twenty of the world's leading companies that are engaged in forecasting the development of the economy for the future and the development of appropriate tools and technologies for the effective implementation of various processes: economic, social, educational - and were called skills of the 21st century.

In the information society, the acquisition of key basic knowledge and skills, which include, in particular, knowledge of the possibilities of using modern computer systems and the ability to apply them in practice, is the key to the success and creative realization of each person. This is what caused the emergence of a new category of culture - information.

Information culture is the ability to purposefully work with data and use information and communication technologies, modern technical means and methods for obtaining, processing and transmitting them.

Information culture manifests itself in a person:

• in specific skills in the use of various technical devices - from a telephone to a personal computer and network devices;
• in the ability to use information and communication technologies in their activities;
• in the ability to obtain data from various sources - from periodic printed sources in electronic communications;
• the ability to present information in an understandable way and use it effectively;
• in knowledge of analytical methods of data processing;
• in the ability to work with messages of various types.

Information culture includes much more than a simple set of technical data processing skills using computers and telecommunications. Information culture should become part of the universal culture. A cultured (in the broad sense) person should be able to evaluate the information received qualitatively, understand their usefulness, reliability, and the like.

An essential information culture is the ability to make a collective decision. The ability to interact effectively with other people is an important sign of a person of the information society.

For the effective use of information and communication technologies in professional activities, each person must have information competence, which implies the ability of a person to navigate in the information space, operate with data based on the use of modern information and communication technologies in accordance with the needs of the labor market for the effective performance of professional duties. For students, information competence can mean the formed ability to effectively use information and communication technologies for learning.

What does informatics do as a science and as a branch of human activity?

Computer science, as a relatively young science, arose in the middle of the 20th century. The prerequisite for this was a sharp increase in the volume of information data and messages that a person had to process. A computer appears, and then powerful - technical means that allow you to store, process and transmit large amounts of data.

The main goal of informatics as a science is the search for new knowledge in various fields of human activity with the help of computer technology.

Informatics is a science that studies the structure and general properties of data, as well as methods and means of their creation, search, storage, processing, transmission and use in various fields of human activity.

The term informatics originated in the early 1960s. in France (from French information - information and automatique - automation) to refer to the automated processing of various data. In English-speaking countries, this term is synonymous with Computer Science (computer science), since the term informatics means not only a reflection of the achievements of computer technology, but is also associated with the processes of transmitting and processing data of various nature.

The main directions of development of informatics are: theoretical, technical and applied informatics. Theoretical informatics is designed to develop general theories of searching, processing and storing data, identifying the patterns of data creation and transformation, the use of modern information technologies in various fields of human activity, the study of the relationship "human - electronic device", the development of information technologies. Technical informatics considers automated data processing systems, the creation of a new generation of computer technology, flexible technological systems, robots, artificial intelligence, etc. Applied informatics creates knowledge bases, develops rational methods for automating production, creates the theoretical foundations of design, serves to connect science with production and provides demands of the information society.

What technologies are called information technologies?

In order to effectively process various data of the modern information-rich environment, which is changing extremely rapidly, and to make timely and correct decisions based on the results obtained, new knowledge and skills are needed, or rather, mastering technologies.

The term "technology" comes from the Greek. τεχνη - art, skill, technique, skills and λογος - word, ability to convey.

Technology is a set of methods and means for people to implement a specific complex process by dividing it into a system of sequential interrelated procedures and operations that are performed more or less unambiguously and that aim to achieve high efficiency of a certain type of activity.

The general level of development and the totality of created and used technologies is an important component of the culture of society, significantly affects the sustainability of economic development, and therefore is one of the characteristic features of civilization.

Information technology (IT) is a set of methods and techniques used to collect, store, process, distribute, display and use various data for the interests and needs of users.

Information technology reflects the modern understanding of data transformation processes in the information society. It is a set of clear, purposeful actions for processing data using a computer.

In the modern information society, computers of various types are the main technical means of processing various data. Programs are used to implement data processing methods. The combination of information and modern communication technologies that ensure the transmission of messages and data by various means (computer networks, telephone, fax, television, satellite communications, etc.) has radically changed the level and forms of business and social activity of people.

Information technology in its development has gone through certain stages:

Various classifications of information technology.

According to the methods and means of data processing, the following classification of information technologies is distinguished.

1. Global - technologies that include models, methods, ways of using data in society.
2. Basic - information technologies focused on a specific area of ​​application.
3. Specific - technologies that process data in the process of performing real user tasks.

According to the subject areas served, they are distinguished: technologies with a scope in accounting, banking and tax activities, for providing insurance, e-government, statistics, e-commerce, education, medicine.

According to data types, technologies for processing are distinguished:

• data using algorithmic languages, spreadsheet processors, database management systems;
• texts using a word processor;
• graphic images using graphic editors;
• knowledge with the help of expert systems;
• objects of the real world with the help of multimedia technologies and the like.

There are other classifications of information technology.

Some interesting facts about the modern information society:

• The volume of knowledge generated by the world community doubles every 72 hours;
• 204,000,000 email messages are sent every minute;
• The volume of data transmitted by artificial satellites for two weeks is sufficient to fill 19 million volumes;
• In industrialized countries, students receive more information at the time they leave school than their grandparents do in their lifetime;
• In the next three decades, as many changes will occur in society as there have been over the past three centuries.

Intellectual Property and Copyright

Intellectual property is the results of intellectual activity and means of individualization protected by law.

Consider the main characteristics of intellectual property.

1. Intellectual property is intangible. This is its main and most important difference from ownership of things (property in the classical sense). If you have a thing, you can use it yourself or transfer it to another person for use. However, it is impossible for two people to use the same thing at the same time independently of each other. If you own intellectual property, you can use it yourself and at the same time grant rights to it to another person. Moreover, there can be millions of these persons, and all of them can independently use one object of intellectual property.
2. Intellectual property is absolute. This means that one person - the owner of the rights - is opposed by all other persons who, without the consent of the copyright owner, do not have the right to use the object of intellectual property. Moreover, the absence of a ban on using the object is not considered permission.
3. Intangible objects of intellectual property are embodied in material objects. When you buy a disc with music, you become the owner of the thing, but not the copyright holder of the musical works that are recorded on it. Therefore, you have the right to do whatever you want with the disc, but not with the music. It is unlawful, for example, to change a piece of music, arrange or process it in any other way without the consent of the author. Copyright regulates relations arising in connection with the creation and use of works of science, literature and art. Copyright is based on the concept of "work", which means the original result of creative activity, exists in some objective form. It is this objective form of expression that is the subject of copyright protection. Copyright does not cover ideas, methods, processes, systems, methods, concepts, principles, discoveries, facts.

The software is an intellectual property object, all rights to which belong to the person who created it, or the developer company. This right is protected by the Copyright and Related Rights Act. According to this law, when selling software, the developer does not transfer his rights to a certain program to the end user, but only allows him to use (licenses) this program. The packaging of a software product often displays a special mark indicating the presence of license agreement, which defines the basic rights and obligations of the manufacturer and buyer of the resulting software product. The text of the license agreement is displayed during the installation of the software on the computer.

Unfortunately, not all software products distributed on the market are legal. From a legal point of view, pirated software includes all computer programs, which are distributed, installed on computers and used in violation of the terms of their license agreement. For example, self-created copies of a licensed program are no longer legal, and such actions are a violation of copyright and provide for legal liability.

Ethics in the Information Society

Information ethics is concerned with the moral issues that arise in connection with the development and application of information technology. Information ethics is an integral part of computer ethics.

Computer ethics is concerned with the consideration of technical, moral, legal, social, political and philosophical issues. The problems considered in it can be divided into several groups.

1. Problems of developing moral codes for computer professionals and ordinary users whose work is related to the use of computer technology.
2. Problems of protecting property rights, copyrights, the right to privacy and freedom of speech in relation to the field of information technology.
3. A group of crimes that arise with the advent of computer technology, the definition of their status, that is, mainly legal problems.

These problems are only part of computer ethics.

The main provisions of the code of computer ethics:

1. Do not use the computer to harm other people.
2. Do not interfere with or interfere with the work of computer network users.
3. Do not use files that are not intended for free use.
4. Do not use the computer for theft.
5. Do not use the computer to spread false information.
6. Do not use "pirated" software.
7. Do not appropriate someone else's intellectual property.
8. Do not use computer equipment or network resources without the owner's permission or appropriate compensation.
9. Think about the possible consequences for society from created programs and developed information systems.

Information

The entire history of mankind can be associated with the term Information, which is widely used today. The term " information" comes from the Latin informatio" - information, explanations, exposition.

There are many definitions of information that only emphasize the complexity and multidimensionality of this concept.

Information - information that removes uncertainty about the world around.

The federal law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection", which was adopted in Russia in 1995, gives the following definitions of the concept of information

Information - information about persons, objects, facts, events, phenomena and processes, regardless of the form of their presentation.

Information exists on media, objects that carry information. Objects of animate and inanimate nature can act as carriers. Carriers come in different types, shapes, purposes. The information carrier can be a person, a sheet of paper (hard copy), CD-, DVD-discs, flash cards, HDD computer (electronic media), wall, sky, trees, etc.

Information exists in two main forms:

discrete (discontinuous) - in this form, information exists on digital media,

analog (continuous) - in this form, there may be information about continuous processes (for example, the process of moving from one point in space to another).

In order for information to exist, a receiver of information, a source and a communication channel between them are needed. Information is transmitted from the information source to the receiver in the form of messages.

Message - information prepared for transmission.

A message is transmitted over a communication channel by means of a signal.

A signal is a process that carries information.

Types of information (according to the ways a person perceives it):

visual (information about visual images),

auditory (information perceived by ear),

tactile (skin sensations),

kinesthetic (orientation in space),

organoleptic (information about taste and smell).

Information properties:

· Objectivity. Information is objective if it does not depend on anyone's opinion or judgment.

· Credibility. Information is reliable if it reflects the true state of affairs. Objective information is always reliable, reliable information can be biased.

· Relevance. Up-to-date information - information received in a timely manner.

· Completeness. Information is complete if it is sufficient for understanding and decision making. Information on completeness is divided into: complete, incomplete, redundant.

· Accuracy - the accuracy of information is determined by the degree of its proximity to the real state of the object, process, phenomenon, etc.

· Usefulness. The value of the information to the recipient.

You can perform various operations on information:

Creation/Destruction

· treatment,

receiving/transferring

collection/storage/accumulation.

Information process - a process associated with the performance of any operations on information.

Data is information prepared for processing or storage on a computer.

In any society, information performs the following main functions:

· integrative - rallying members of society and social groups into a single whole;

communication - communication and mutual understanding;

instrumental - participation in the organization of production and management;

· cognitive - as a means of reflecting the objective reality and transmitting data.

Information society

Information today has become a powerful, tangible resource that is even more valuable than natural financial, labor and other resources. Information has become a commodity that is bought and sold. Information has become a weapon, information wars arise and stop. The cross-border information network Internet is developing and entering our lives in the most active way.

The development of mankind was accompanied by an increase in the amount of accumulated knowledge and information, both about the person himself and about the world around him. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the pace of information has increased dramatically. So, if in the 19th century the total amount of human knowledge doubled every 50 years, then by 1950 - every 10 years, by 1970 - every 5 years, and since 1990. - annually. The current situation is often characterized by the expression: “information explosion”. Specialists in the field of informatics have established a quantitative law of increasing information in society. This law is represented as an exponential function.

Civilization in general and each of us, in particular, are at the stage of formation of a new type of society - the information society. The social system and law, as one of the main regulators of this system, lag significantly behind the pace of development of the information society.

In accordance with the concept of Z. Brzezinski, D. Bell, O. Toffler, supported by other foreign scientists, the information society is a kind of post-industrial society. Considering social development as a “change of stages”, supporters of this concept of the information society associate its formation with the dominance of the “fourth”, informational sector of the economy, following the three well-known sectors - agriculture, industry and the service economy. At the same time, they argue that capital and labor, as the basis of an industrial society, are giving way to information and knowledge in an information society.

The information society is a special society, unknown to history. It is difficult to define it, but the main features and characteristics can be listed:

Availability of information infrastructure, consisting of cross-border information and telecommunication networks and information resources distributed in them as knowledge reserves;

New forms and types of activities in TITS or in the virtual space (daily work activities in networks, purchase and sale of goods and services, communication and communication, recreation and entertainment, medical care, etc.);

The opportunity for everyone to receive complete, accurate and reliable information from TITS almost instantly;

Almost instantaneous communication of every member of society with everyone, everyone with everyone and everyone with everyone (for example, "chats" on interests on the Internet);

Transformation of the activities of the mass media (media), integration of the media and TITS, creation of a single environment for the dissemination of mass information - multimedia;

The absence of geographical and geopolitical borders of the TITS member states, the "collision" and "breaking" of the national legislations of countries in these networks, the formation of a new international information law and legislation.

A typical example of the information infrastructure of such an information society is the Internet. Today, the Internet is actively filling the information space in all countries and on all continents and is the main and active means of forming the information society.

The volume of information resources is growing exponentially on the Internet.

Japanese scientists argue that in the information society, the process of computerization will give people access to reliable sources of information, save them from routine work, and ensure a high level of automation of information processing in the industrial and social spheres.

The basis of the information society is the production of information. Other products are becoming more information-intensive, with innovation, design, and marketing accounting for most of their value.

In the information society, a person is assigned the role of a creator who possesses not only specific knowledge, but who owns the techniques and technologies for their processing and accumulation. The information society is based on various types of computer technology and computer networks, information technology, communication and telecommunications systems. The employment of members of the information society is mostly associated with the maintenance of information technologies and their use, material production will be assigned to automated and intelligent devices.

All kinds of information functioning in society can be called social information.

There are the following types of social information:

political;

Economic;

Scientific and technical;

Bulk;

legal;

Statistical;

About emergencies;

About citizens (personal data);

Computer;

Political information - information about the statics and dynamics of political relations, the political line of the state, the activities of political parties and public associations, the image of political figures, about all elements of the political system of society.

Economic information - a set of information reflecting economic processes and relations.

Scientific and technical information is documented or publicly announced information about domestic and foreign achievements in science, technology and production.

Mass information is understood as printed, audio, audiovisual and other messages intended for an unlimited circle of persons.

Information about citizens (personal data) is information about the facts, events and circumstances of a citizen's life, which makes it possible to identify his personality. The main elements of information about citizens are name and surname, gender, date and place of birth, place of residence, education and marital status, information about social status, membership in political parties and associations, physical and mental health, financial status, ownership of property, criminal record. and etc.

The term computer information was introduced by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 1996. Article 272 defines this type of information as information on a computer carrier, in an electronic computer (computer), computer system or in their network.

According to access modes, information can be divided into:

Open (public);

Restricted information (state secret, confidential information, commercial secret, professional secret, official secret).

State secret - information protected by the state in the field of its military, foreign policy, economic, intelligence and operational search activities, the dissemination of which may harm the security of the Russian Federation (Article 2 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On State Secrets" of July 24, 1993).

Confidential information is documented information, access to which is restricted in accordance with the law. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation "On approval of the list of information of a confidential nature" dated March 6, 1997 defines the types of confidential information. These include:

Information about the facts, events and circumstances of the private life of a citizen, allowing to identify his personality (personal data), with the exception of information to be disseminated in the media in cases established by federal laws.

Information constituting the secret of the investigation and legal proceedings.

Official information, access to which is restricted by public authorities in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and federal laws (official secret).

Information related to professional activities, access to which is restricted in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws (medical, notarial, lawyer, correspondence, telephone conversations, postal items, telegraphic or other messages, and so on).

Information related to commercial activities, access to which is restricted in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and federal laws (commercial secret).

Information about the essence of an invention, utility model or industrial design before the official publication of information about them.

A trade secret is defined as information that has actual or potential commercial value due to its unknown to third parties, it is not freely accessible on a legal basis and the owner of the information takes measures to protect its confidentiality (Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Commercial Secrets" dated July 9, 2004 .).

Less than a century ago, a person received about 15 thousand messages a week. Now we receive about ten thousand messages every hour. And among all this information flow it is very difficult to find the necessary message, but do nothing - this is just one of the negative characteristics of the modern information society.

Characteristics

So what is the information society? This is a society in which the bulk of the workers are engaged in the production, storage or processing of information. At this stage of development, the information society has a number of distinctive characteristics:

• Information, knowledge and technology are of great importance in the life of society.
• Every year the number of people employed in the production of information products, communications or information technologies is increasing.
• The informatization of society is growing, while telephones, television, the Internet, and the media are used.
• A global information space is being created that ensures effective interaction between individuals. People get access to world information resources. Within the created information space, each of its participants satisfies their needs for information products or services.
• E-democracy, information state and government are developing rapidly, digital markets of social and business networks are emerging.

Terminology

The first to define what an information society is were scientists from Japan. In the Land of the Rising Sun, this term began to be used in the 60s of the last century. Almost simultaneously with them, scientists from the United States began to use the term "information society". A great contribution to the development of this theory was made by such authors as M. Porat, I. Masuda, R. Karts and others. This theory received support from those researchers who studied the formation of a technogenic or technological society, as well as from those who studied changes in society, which is influenced by the increased role of knowledge.

Already at the end of the 20th century, the term "information society" firmly took its place in the lexicon of infosphere specialists, politicians, scientists, economists and teachers. Most often, it was associated with the development of information technology and other means that would help humanity make a new leap in evolutionary development.

Today there are two opinions regarding what the information society is:

1. This is a society where the production and consumption of information is considered the main activity, and information is the most significant resource.
2. This is a society that has replaced the post-industrial one, the main product here is information and knowledge, the information economy is actively developing.

It is also believed that the concept of the information society is nothing more than a version of the theory of the post-industrial society. Therefore, it can be viewed as a sociological and futurological concept, where the main factor in social development is the production and use of scientific and technical information.

come to a consensus

Given how much information technology has permeated everyday life, these effects are often referred to as the information or computer revolution. In the teachings of the West, more and more attention is paid to this phenomenon, as evidenced by the vast number of relevant publications. However, it is worth noting that the concept of "information society" is put in the place where in the 70s there was a theory of post-industrial society.

Some scientists believe that the post-industrial and information society are completely different stages of development, so a clear line should be drawn between them. Despite the fact that the concept of the information society was intended to replace the theory of the post-industrial society, its supporters are still developing important provisions of technocracy and futurology.

D. Bell, who formulated the theory of the post-industrial society, considers the concept of the information society a new stage in the development of the post-industrial society. Simply put, the scientist insists that the information society is the second level of post-industrial development, so you should not mix or replace these concepts.

James Martin. Information society criteria

The writer believes that the information society must meet several criteria:

1. Technological. Information technologies are used in various spheres of human activity.
2. Social. Information is an important stimulant for changing the quality of life. There is such a thing as "information consciousness", since knowledge is widely available.
3. Economic. Information becomes the main resource in economic relations.
4. Political. Freedom of information leading to the political process.
5. Cultural. Information is considered cultural value.

The development of the information society brings with it a number of changes. Thus, there are structural changes in the economy, especially when it comes to the distribution of labor. People are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of information and technology. Many are beginning to realize that for a full-fledged existence it is necessary to eliminate their own computer illiteracy, since information technologies are present in almost all spheres of life. The government strongly supports the development of information and technology, but along with them, malware and computer viruses.

Martin believes that in the information society, the quality of life directly depends on information and how a person will exploit it. In such a society, all spheres of human life are influenced by achievements in the segment of knowledge and information.

good and bad

Scientists believe that development in society makes it possible to manage large complexes of organizations, the production of systems and coordinate the work of thousands of people. New scientific directions related to the problems of organizational sets continue to develop.

And yet the process of informatization of society has its drawbacks. Society is losing its stability. Small groups of people can have a direct impact on the information society agenda. For example, hackers can break into banking systems and transfer large amounts of money to their accounts. Or the media can cover the problems of terrorism, which have a destructive effect on the formation of public consciousness.

Information revolutions

1. Spread of the language.
2. The emergence of writing.
3. Mass printing of books.
4. Applications of various kinds of electrical communication.
5. Use of computer technologies.

A. Rakitov emphasizes that the role of the information society in the near future will be to influence civilizational and cultural processes. Knowledge will be the most significant stake in the global competition for power.

Peculiarities

• Individuals can use the information resources of society from anywhere in the country. That is, from anywhere they can access the information they need for life.
• Information technology is available to everyone.
• In society, there are infrastructures that ensure the creation of the necessary information resources.
• In all industries, there is a process of accelerating and automating work.
• Social structures are changing, and as a result, the spheres of information activities and services are expanding.

The information society differs from the industrial society by the rapid growth of new jobs. The segment of economic development is dominated by the information industry.

Two questions

The dynamism of technological modernization poses two main questions for society:

• Are people adapting to change?
• Can new technologies give rise to the differentiation of society?

During the transition of society to the information society, people may face a significant problem. They will be divided into those who can use new knowledge and technologies, and those who do not have such skills. As a result, information technologies will remain in the hands of a small social group, which will lead to the inevitable stratification of society and the struggle for power.

But despite this danger, new technologies can empower citizens by giving them instant access to the information they need. They will give the opportunity to create, and not just consume new knowledge and allow you to maintain the anonymity of personal messages. Although, on the other hand, the penetration of information technology into private life carries a threat to the inviolability of personal data. No matter how you look at the information society, the main trends in its development will always cause both a sea of ​​delight and a storm of indignation. Just like in any other field.

Information society: development strategy

When it was recognized that society had entered a new stage of development, appropriate steps were required. The authorities of many countries have begun to develop a plan for the development of the information society. For example, in Russia, researchers distinguish several stages of development:

1. First, the foundations were formed in the field of informatization (1991-1994).
2. Later there was a change of priorities from informatization to the creation of information policy (1994-1998)
3. The third stage is the formation of a policy in the field of creating an information society (the year 2002 - our time).

The state is also interested in the development of this process. In 2008, the government of the Russian Federation adopted a strategy for the development of the information society, which is valid until 2020. The government has set itself the following goals:

• Creation of information and telecommunications infrastructure in order to provide high-quality information access services on its basis.
• To improve the quality of education, medical care and social protection based on the development of technologies.
• Improving the system of state guarantees of human rights in the information sphere.
• Using information and improve the economy.
• Raise the efficiency of public administration.
• Develop science, technology and technology to train qualified personnel in the field of information technology.
• Preserve culture, strengthen moral and patriotic principles in the public mind, develop a system of cultural and humanitarian education.
• Oppose the use of information technology achievements as a threat to the national interests of the country.

To solve such problems, the state apparatus develops special measures for the development of a new society. Determine the performance benchmarks improve the policy in the field of information technology use. They create favorable conditions for the development of science, technology and equal access of citizens to information.

conclusions

So what is the information society? This is a theoretical model that is used to describe a new stage of social development that began with the beginning of the information and computer revolution. The technological basis in this society is not industrial, but information and telecommunication technologies.

This is a society where information is the main economic resource, and in terms of the pace of development, this sector comes out on top in terms of the number of employees, the share of GDP and capital investment. There is a developed infrastructure that ensures the creation of information resources. It primarily includes education and science. In such a society, intellectual property is the main form of ownership.

Information is becoming a commodity of mass consumption. Everyone living in society has access to any kind of information, this is guaranteed not only by law, but also by technical capabilities. In addition, there are new criteria for assessing the level of development of society. For example, an important criterion is the number of computers, Internet connections, mobile and home phones. With the help of the merging of telecommunications, computer-electronic and audiovisual technology, a single integrated information system is being created in society.

Today, the information society can be regarded as a kind of global phenomenon, which includes: the global information economy, space, infrastructure and legal system. Here, business activity becomes an information and communication environment, the virtual economy and the financial system are spreading more and more. The information society gives many opportunities, but it did not come out of nowhere - it is the result of centuries of activity of all mankind.

it is a society that is being formed in the post-industrial phase of the development of civilization, which is characterized by a comprehensive informatization of social structures and is replacing the post-industrial one.

In the "social framework of the information society" D. Bell, the development of the concept of I. o. expresses the transition from the post-industrial predominance of the service sector over the production sector to the dominance of the information services sector. In this sense, the concept of I. o. reflects new aspects of the development of post-industrial society, is its additional characteristic (see "Post-industrial society").

On the other hand, I. o. can be understood as an independent stage of the historical development of civilization, following the post-industrial society and characterized primarily by the production of information, the level of awareness of the population and the development of education. In addition, the post-industrial society itself can be understood as the first stage of I. o. In this sense, the analysis of the problems of I. o. associated with the consideration of post-industrial society as the first in the history of I. o.

For research of possible ways of development And. in Western socio-philosophical theories, the concept of a post-information society is introduced (Hunt's work "The Post-Information Society"), i.e., a theoretical consideration of the problems of I. o. has its further development in the concept of post-information society: in-formation, in-formation, post-information society. Establishing the similarity of the DNA genetic information system, the genetic structures of the biosphere and the information structures of the social organization of the noosphere allowed Baudrillard to deploy the concept of a post-information society, the "virtual era" of which is replacing the departed "oral", "written" and "printing societies" of McLuhan. The concept of the post-information society reflects such a change in the sphere of information services as the determining basis of the information system, on which the former rational mechanism for the production of information is replaced by a probabilistic chaos of excess social information. In information "virtual reality" the formation of "redundant" socio-informational structures of the IO is taking place: in it, the redundancy of social information means only a lack of information about which part of it is redundant. As an ideology or hegemony of information structures, " virtual reality"Baudrillard becomes a reality of I. O. In this regard, the concept of I. O. reflects, on the one hand, the way information structures are disseminated and, on the other hand, the level of informatization and computerization of society.

The emergence of the concept of I. o. closely related to the development of computer science and cybernetics in the works of N. Wiener, information management theory and information theory of value. The cost of human activity and its results is determined not only and not so much by labor costs, but by embodied information, which becomes a source of added value. In this sense, the concept of I. o. expresses a rethinking of information and its role as a quantitative characteristic for a qualitative analysis of social development. A certain level of social information, in addition to quantitative characteristics, makes it possible to reflect certain qualitative aspects of the development of society. The information theory of value characterizes not only the amount of information embodied in the results of production activity, but also the level of development of information production as the basis for the development of information production. - a certain stage of development of society.

The concept of I. o. in a certain way characterizes the changes in the worldview associated with the departure from the classical picture of the world. In this aspect of the concept of I. o. reflects a consistent change in the basis of society - from the natural world of traditional society to an artificial, created world (industrial - see "Industrial Society" - and post-industrial society) and to the world of social information I. o. Cyberspace, in which only intellectual programmers now work, is becoming an information space for the socio-cultural and, consequently, socio-economic development of the I. o. This is the basis for the production of information, which is the backbone of the structures of the I. O., in contrast to the industrial production of an industrial society. Education and science determine the level of production of information and the degree of development of the information system.

Problems of functioning of structures I. about. are closely connected with the problems of artificial intelligence (for example, Intel microprocessors or the development of text editors that correct human errors in computer typing). The concept of intellectual and information capital, introduced by Bourdieu, is important for the concept of I. o. For example, the intellectual property of Bill Gates, the creator and ideological inspirer of Microsoft (the world market leader in software for the computer industry), whose property is estimated at many billions of dollars, largely contributed to the creation of a new type of ownership and copyright for software products, the formation of an international intellectual property copyright systems.

Information interchange permeates the structure of the spiritual culture of the I. O., based not so much on the classical media of the "Gutenberg Era" in the understanding of McLuhan, but on innovative electronic media. The Internet can now rightly be attributed to the latter: both in terms of the number of audience around the globe and in terms of the volume of information services, the Internet is a global mass media.

The role of information as a strategic resource increases with the development of electronic media that manipulate the masses and public opinion. With the development of audiovisual technology, global computer networks (such as "Redcom" or "Internet" - with a multi-million audience in all developed countries, with email, various magazines, conferences, bulletin boards, etc. within the information network "Internet"), accumulating information, access to it characterizes the possibility of its use in a complex power structure. An example of how a global information structure is formed is the system of interconnections within UNESCO, global media such as Eurovision, or the US National Information Infrastructure.

The social characteristics of the development of I. o. are the awareness of its various social groups, the availability of information, the effectiveness of the mass media services and their feedback capabilities, the level of education, the intellectual capabilities of society, primarily in information production.

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