In which country was color television invented. Who and when invented the first TV and what was it called

The term Television was first voiced by the Russian officer K.Persky (1854-1906) during the International Electrotechnical Congress (1900), where he gave a lecture “Television by means of electricity”. It was by the beginning of the twentieth century, through the efforts of prominent scientists from different countries, that the basis was prepared for the creation of first a mechanical, and then a completely electronic television set. The following events preceded the birth of the television receiver itself: the invention of a device that scans an object (Nipkov's disk), the discovery of selenium photoconductivity, the creation of a photocell and a light distributor, as well as the implementation of element-by-element transmission of the scanned object image. The whole story of the appearance of the TV is in the material below.

The history of the creation of a mechanical television receiver

The creation of a mechanical television set was preceded by the invention in 1884 of the "electronic telescope" - a device that allows you to scan any object and draw their image on a photosensitive panel located behind the disk. It was based on the principle of decomposing the image into separate elements using a special converter. This device was invented by the German inventor Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkov (1860-1940). Structurally, the transducer is a disk with a row of spirally located holes, which, while rotating, scanned an object with a resolution of 18 lines. This element, known to experts as the "Nipkov Disk", became the most important component of the mechanical television that appeared somewhat later.

First discoveries

To answer the question in what year the mechanical television receiver was first assembled, it is necessary to study a number of discoveries preceding this event. So, first the Scottish inventor John Loughie Byrd (1888-1946) created a number of prototype video systems. With their help, the scientist transmitted over a short distance the image of a moving silhouette (1923)... Demonstrating his brainchild in 1925, Byrd continued to work in this direction.

Important! In 1926, the Scottish inventor was the first in the world to demonstrate the transmission of an image of a moving human face by radio, and in 1927 he was the first to broadcast the broadcast, sending a television signal over a distance of about 700 km (London - Glasgow).

Byrd's invention was based on the use of two Nipkow discs. In this case, one disk served as a scanner, and the second was used as a reproducing device. A photocell was located behind the first disc, and a lamp was installed behind the second. Depending on the amount of light falling on the photocell, the intensity of the lamp glow changed. Byrd in the process of his research managed to achieve synchronization of both the rotation of the Nipkov disks and the interaction of the photocell and the lamp.

The first television set

Developing his invention, Byrd in 1928 introduced the first television receiver, which in English was called The Televisor. Structurally, it was a large box with a large disc and a small screen. Its main disadvantages were:

• poor image quality;
• lack of sound.

Acceptable image quality could only be achieved by increasing the size of the disk and the speed of its rotation... The initially obtained resolution of 30 lines in a short time was increased to 120. However, further increasing the size of the TV became impractical, and soon the production of such devices ceased.

The invention of the electronic television

The emergence of a fully electronic television was only possible after it was invented cathode ray tube (CRT).

Prior inventions

The invention of CRT was also facilitated by a number of discoveries made by eminent scientists from many countries, namely:

• the English physicist W. Crookes (1832-1919), who created a phosphor (1879) - a substance capable of emitting light when exposed to a cathode ray;
• the German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857-1894), who studied how electricity changes under the influence of light, and who first described the photoelectric effect (1887);
• Karl Ferdinand Brown, an inventor from Germany (1850-1918), who discovered the cathode ray tube directly.

But the father of the electronic television receiver is the Russian scientist Boris Rosing (1869-1933), who in 1907 registered a method of transmitting images at a distance, which set the direction for the development of modern television systems. In the method he proposed, inertia-free electron beam(cathode telescope). There was no need for complex mechanical systems. Thus, B. Rosing's priority in the question of who invented the television first was unconditionally recognized by scientists from England, Germany, the USA, etc.

On a note! In addition, Rosing confirmed his right to be called the father of electronic television, presenting a few years later a sample of a kinescope that received unpretentious video pictures.

Later, on the basis of the ideas put forward by the Russian inventor, the CRT was created, which in 1923 was almost simultaneously presented by American physicists Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906-1971) and Vladimir Zworykin (1888-1982), who emigrated from Bolshevik Russia to the United States in 1919. In their proposed design, a CRT directed an electron beam onto a screen, the surface of which was covered with a phosphor. By analogy with Byrd's TV, the image was drawn line by line, however, the absence of moving mechanical parts allowed carry out this process much faster.

The first television set

The development of televisions based on the CRT proposed by American scientists was engaged in many countries. but the first were the German engineers of the Telefunken company, who assembled and put into mass production the very first electronic TV set (1934).

On a note! CRT-based TVs were produced by the industry of almost all developed countries. At the same time, CRTs were constantly improved - at first they began to draw a color video picture, and then significantly decreased in size and became much more energy efficient.

Televisions in the USSR

Broadcast of television programs in the USSR started in October 1931... Mechanical television broadcasts were carried out in the medium wave range, and they could be received in Moscow, Leningrad, Nizhny Novgorod and Tomsk.

The first domestic TV "B-2", created on the basis of the Nipkov disc, was produced by the Leningrad plant "Comintern" in 1932. Structurally, it was an attachment with a 30x40 mm screen, connected to a radio receiver, which needed to be switched to a different frequency. But other television receivers were also produced by the domestic industry at that time.

TV set B-2

1. "VRK" with a screen size of 13x17.5 cm. It provided broadcasting of television programs of the Leningrad Television Center with a resolution of 240 lines. A total of 20 such TVs were produced.
2. "TK-1", designed to receive programs from the Moscow television center. It provided a resolution of 343 lines. In total, about 2000 such receivers were produced.
3. "17TN-1"- a universal TV set produced by the Leningrad plant "Radist", which allows you to receive programs from both Moscow and Leningrad television centers. The number of manufactured products - 2000 pcs.
4. "ATP-1"- the first subscriber TV set in the country, which can be considered the predecessor of cable television. It was made at the Alexandrovsky Radio Plant.

After the commissioning of the first electronic television broadcasting systems (1938), the transmission of optical-mechanical television programs began to decline. and completely stopped in 1941.

The first fully electronic TV, which began to be mass-produced, appeared in the USSR only in 1949.... It was called KVN-49 and, unfortunately, was not very reliable. The model "Moskvich-T1" was also produced, in which for the first time in the USSR managed to implement a resolution of 625 lines.

TV set KVN-49

In the 70s of the last century, televisions began mass production("Record", "Electron", etc.) and they could be found in the apartment of any Soviet family.

Interesting! The development of electronic television broadcasting is also associated with the creation of the prototype of the modern television - an apparatus called "Telefot" (1928). It was developed by a group of Soviet scientists from Tashkent under the leadership of B. Grabovsky. But due to unknown circumstances "Telefot" was destroyed, and work on its restoration was stopped.

Color TVs

Scientists began to work on the reproduction of color moving pictures on the screen almost from the moment a mechanical television appeared. However, the limitations imposed by the mechanical reproduction method did not allow achieving a positive result. One of the first scientists to whom managed to convey a two-color picture, was Hovhannes Adamyan, who patented his invention in 1908.

On a note! A model of a color TV that transmits three images in color in succession was assembled in 1928. John Loughie Byrd, already mentioned earlier, as the creator of the first mechanical television set. For this he used color filters.

With the spread of electronic television broadcasting, engineers increasingly thought about creating color television sets. At first they were set-top boxes for black and white TVs that allowed viewers to observe the painted image on the screen. Only in 1940 did American engineers demonstrate the Triniscope television system, which was based on three picture tubes, each reproducing its own color. Color televisions began to be mass-produced abroad in 1954, when the first standard of color television broadcasting was adopted in the USA (1953).

The Soviet Union began developing color televisions only in 1951., however, the very next year the first test TV broadcast was carried out. Despite the undoubted successes achieved by domestic engineers in this direction, color televisions remained in short supply for the citizens of the USSR until the collapse of the country.

Achievements of modern television technology

Gradually, the technological possibilities allowing to improve the quality of television images with a simultaneous increase in the size of the TV screen have been exhausted. TV sets became more and more cumbersome and energy intensive, and the improvement in the quality of the picture rested on the difficulties associated with the need to increase the speed of the electron beam along the inner surface of the kinescope screen. So, little by little CRT TVs were replaced by models, in the manufacture of which more modern technologies were used.

Plasma TVs

A plasma panel is a screen containing a large number of individual cells located between two glasses. The cells contain plasma (4th aggregate state), which, when electricity passes through, begins to emit ultraviolet rays that are invisible to the human eye. In this case, the image on the screen is formed due to the phosphor, which under the influence of ultraviolet radiation generates light in the visible spectrum... This technology was developed back in the 30s of the last century, but it began to be used in large quantities only 15-20 years ago.

Notable for high image quality, plasma screens also had a number of weak points:

• insufficient brightness, making it difficult to watch programs in intense lighting;
• complex manufacturing process;
• high production cost.

In addition, the plasma screen could not be made large enough or flat enough... These shortcomings also contributed to the fact that plasma TVs were also ousted from the market by more technologically advanced models with screens, in the manufacture of which liquid crystals were used.

LCD TV screens

LCD TVs have appeared relatively recently. They managed to capture the market thanks to a fairly simple and cheap technology.

Important! Liquid crystals (LCs) are molecules that polarize light. When an electric current passes through the crystal, the latter turns in space, passing a certain amount of light through itself.

A typical cell in an LCD matrix is ​​made in the form of three sub-cells. For each sub-cell an appropriately colored filter is applied(RGB). The amount of color per image unit depends on the amount of the incoming voltage. For a qualitative improvement of the received picture, behind the LCD layer, a backlight is placed, which can be fluorescent (LCD) or light-emitting diode (LED).

Further development of LCD technology has led to the creation of screens based on OLEDs, which capable of emitting their own light (OLED) and do not need backlighting.

On a note! This technology made it possible to create TVs with a thickness of about 4 mm, the weight of which, even with a 65-inch screen, allows them to be magnetically attached to the wall. At the same time, the resolution of such screens currently reaches 8K.

Remote control

Another accessory, without which a modern TV is unthinkable, is the remote control (RCU) - this is how the name remote control unit (RCU) can be translated from English. It was first demonstrated by Robert Adler(1913-2007), who, with the help of a remote control emitting ultrasonic control signals, could remotely adjust the volume of the TV and switch the received programs (1956).

In the future, the expansion of the functionality of the TV (game consoles, teletext, etc.) required an increase in the number of buttons and more precise control. Solved this problem engineers from Grundig and Magnavox, equipped televisions with remote controls using infrared (IR) radiation to transmit control commands (1974).

Thus, technological progress, ever-increasing requirements and free competition stimulate the development of new developments and breakthrough technologies in the production of television equipment. So, TVs with the function of SMART, which are a hybrid between a computer and a television receiver, are already considered commonplace today. What's next?

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At the end of the last century, the UN finally proclaimed World Television Day. Now every year on November 21, media workers, journalists and everyone who has anything to do with this field of activity celebrate their professional holiday. Television Day is a holiday not only for journalists, but also for ordinary TV viewers.

2016 was the 20th Television Day. It was widely celebrated all over the world, because today it is almost impossible to find any state that does not have television broadcasting on its territory. It has already become one of the most effective means of influencing a person in modern society. Today, there are more than one generation of people living in the world who simply cannot imagine their life without TV.

Who invented the TV

More and more often, viewers are wondering who and when invented the first television. The question of what year this happened is also of interest, because the invention of the television completely changed the usual way of life of millions of people around the world.

It is not so easy to answer this question unequivocally, because many people have made an invaluable contribution to the invention of TV. Without their developments, other scientists would not have been able to obtain patents for their inventions.

The history of the invention of the TV

Previously one could only dream of transmitting an image over a long distance. There have been many attempts to create something similar to TV in the past, however, only the German physicist Heinrich Hertz managed to make a truly valuable contribution to the creation of television. Then the Russian scientist Stoletov substantiated the possibility of obtaining an image through a cathode-ray tube. This tube, in turn, was developed by another scientist. This is a physicist from Germany K. Braune.

So who invented the television? The very first television system was the invention of Paul Nipkov. This German engineer managed to develop such an unusual device back in 1884. It was his invention that laid the foundation for the creation of the device, which today is called a TV. Nipkov managed to create a disc that allowed converting an image into electrical impulses. The controversy about who invented television and when is associated with the complex technical design of televisions. In addition, many elements of modern television were invented by different people.

Chronology of events

Already in 1895, Nipkov's compatriot Karl Brown invented the very first picture tube. Then Brown's apprentice managed to obtain a patent for a special tube, after which he used his mentor's invention to transmit the image. Brown's apprentice was named Max Dieckmann. It was he who was the first to introduce a television set with a small screen to the general public. Then a scientist from Great Britain, John Brad, managed to invent a television set that works without sound. This was enough to announce the beginning of a new scientific and technological revolution.

A little later, the Russian engineer Vladimir Zvorykin, who emigrated to the United States after the October Revolution, patented his unique invention, which was called television. The development of Zvorykin was based on the developments of many other scientists, physicists and engineers, but it was he who managed to combine all the inventions together.

The models of the first TVs were specific and had a lot of shortcomings, but over time, scientists and engineers managed to solve a lot of problems and make these devices more perfect.

How television works in the 20th century

In the Soviet Union, already in 1939, a full-fledged TV appeared. The very first television set in the USSR worked on the Nipkov disc. It boasted a 3 x 4 cm screen. The TV set was produced in Leningrad and looked like an ordinary set-top box. In order to use the device, it was necessary to connect this set-top box to a radio channel.

Moreover, the famous Soviet magazine about technology and science, Radifront, published a unique instruction that allowed everyone to make a TV set on their own. It was not so easy to get the components for a new TV, but many were ready to do anything in order to become the proud owner of a TV.

Who invented color television

There were many attempts to convey a color image, but only Hovhannes Adamyan achieved success. Several decades of hard research were not in vain. In 1908 he managed to obtain a patent for his invention.

Despite this, John Brad became the recognized creator of color TV. He was also the inventor of the mechanical receiver. In 1928, he managed to assemble a device that could transmit images of red, blue and green.

The biggest breakthrough in the development of TV came after the end of World War II in the United States. It was during these years that TV production appeared throughout the country. After the American industry switched from civil production to military production, it made an invaluable contribution to the development of the television industry. Already in 1940, a system called Triniscope was introduced.

The history of television in Russia

In the Soviet Union, a lot of time and attention was devoted to the development of television, because it was TV that was one of the key mouthpieces of the propaganda of the Communist Party. Color television appeared in the USSR somewhat later than in the United States. In the USSR, a similar device was created only in 1951, so only in 1952 Soviet viewers saw the very first test color TV broadcast.

The history of Russian TV goes back more than one decade. From the very beginning of its appearance, it gained a truly popular popularity. Whole families gathered behind the screen of miraculous devices.

In 1951, the Central Television Studio was organized. After that, the first thematic programs began to appear:

• Musical.
• Baby.
• Literary and dramatic.

During these years, the programs were broadcast only live. Then a new broadcast format appeared. More and more often films, social and political programs, reports, concerts began to appear on television. Then young and talented journalists and announcers came to the Central Studio, whose names are inscribed in the history of Russian television in golden letters: Nina Kondratova, Igor Kirillov, Nonna Bodrova, Yuri Fokin, Damir Belov.

Announcers have made television a full-fledged means of communication. Many viewers even answered their greeting before the news broadcast. In 1968, the Vremya program appeared, which is still the country's main information program. Television soon became color television.

New technologies of Soviet television

Television continued its rapid development and already in 1959 satellite television appeared in the country. The picture quality has been constantly improving. In recent years, many countries have switched to digital broadcasting. It allows you to watch TV programs in the highest possible quality.

How old is television

So how old is television? To answer the question of how old television is, you need to study history. The first transmission of a moving image was performed in 1923. This was done in the United States. It is from this time that the history of television can be counted. It turns out that today television is already 95 years old.

Television Workers Day is celebrated on November 21 both in Russia and in other countries of the world. November 21st is considered International Television Day.

Interesting Facts

The creation of television was accompanied by a lot of interesting events. This applies not only to the history of world television, but also to domestic. For example, the project of the famous Ostankino TV tower was invented overnight.

• The very first round-the-clock broadcasting channel is the American CNN. The company broadcasts not only in English, but also in other languages ​​(German, Spanish and Turkish).
• The tallest television tower is located in Japan. Its height is 634 meters.
• Today, TV advertising has become commonplace, but it used to be something completely unique. Paid advertising appeared back in 1941. In those years, a ten-second video cost the customer $ 9. It was an advertisement for a watchmaker.
• The most famous TV commercial is for the Macintosh. The author of the video is the famous Hollywood director Ridley Scott. The video was ordered by Apple. This video cost $ 900,000 to be a record at the time.
• When the TV was black and white, the presenters wore green lipstick. The fact is that it stood out more during the transition of the image through various camera filters. Red lipstick looked too faded on the TV screen.

First public screenings

On May 9, 1907, the first telecast was shown. At the Technological Institute of St. Petersburg, one of the scientists (Boris Rozgin) managed to display an image of four white lines on a black screen.

Already in the 30s, television became electronic. In 1938, the very first television center appeared in the country. Then there was a break in the history of Russian TV. The Great Patriotic War is to blame for everything. The first telecast came out only on the eve of Germany's surrender. This significant event took place on May 7, 1945. Already on December 15, the television center began regular broadcasting. This was a great achievement for post-war Europe. The USSR even surpassed France and Great Britain.

In a 12-round boxing match, two invincible heavyweights will meet for the second time - Deontay Leshun Wilder (the current WBC champion, who has held the heavyweight title for 5 years, spent 43 fights, of which 42 wins, 1 draw) and Tyson Luke Fury (ex- champion WBA-Super, WBO, IBF, IBO; had 30 fights, of which 29 wins, 1 draw). Winner to Win WBC Heavyweight Championship.

In Russia, due to the time difference, boxing fans will be able to watch the fight between Fury and Wilder live in the morning. 23 February 2020.

Both boxers have not yet experienced the bitterness of defeat, and their only draw happened in the first joint meeting, which took place on 12/01/2018 in Los Angeles. But very soon one of the legendary boxers will open the score for their defeats, although, of course, a draw is possible again.

Location of the fight:
Fury - Wilder rematch on 22 (23) February 2020 will take place at MGM Grand Garden Arena with a capacity of 17 thousand people, located south of Las Vegas in the "paradise" town of Paradise(Paradise is translated into Russian as Paradise), USA, Nevada.

What time will it start, where to watch the Fury - Wilder rematch on February 22 (23), 2020:

The most anticipated fight (Fury - Wilder 2) will be final. The time it started - after 7:00 Moscow time 02/23/2020.

Fury's Rematch Live - Wilder Will Show TV channel "REN TV" starting at 06:50 Moscow time.

That is, what time will it start and where to watch the Fury-Wilder rematch:
* Start time - after 7 a.m. Moscow time on February 23, 2020.
* On the REN TV channel.

In this article we will tell you, February 22, 2020 in Russia - a shortened working day or not.

We hasten to please, with the "six-day":

• February 22, 2020 is a shortened working day.

Working hours on the eve of the national holiday - Defender of the Fatherland Day 2020, are reduced by 1 hour. And the holiday will last two days - from Sunday February 23, 2020 to Monday February 24, 2020.

Note that in three regions of the Russian Federation, Tuesday February 25, 2020 is also a day off, due to the transfer of the day off to it due to the celebration of the Buddhist New Year (in 2020, it falls on Monday February 24). These regions are the Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of Tyva and the Trans-Baikal Territory.

At what points in time should you make wishes on the date of "five twos" (February 22, 2020):

A favorable period of fulfillment of desires began on the mirror date 02/02/2020 and continued on the date of convergence of zeros and twos on 02/20/2020. And the "February period of desires" ends date of five twos - 02/22/2020.

We tell what time to make wishes on February 22, 2020 (5 points in time).

02/22/2020, although it is not a mirror number, this date is not simple. Besides that zeros and twos converge on this date, more five twos add up to 10 which is fundamentally fundamental. It is the basis of the current number system and symbolizes success (which is best reflected by the phrase "hitting the top ten"). You can also remember: 10 commandments in the Bible, 10 Sefirot in the Kabbalistic Tree of Life, 10 incarnations of the Supreme Deity Vishnu in Hindu mythology, and, of course, 10 fingers and toes of a person. Etc!

The date of five twos on February 22, 2020 includes several points in time at which, using the power of the number "2", you can mentally pronounce your desires. This ( in hours: minutes format, local time): 00:20, 02:00, 02:02, 02:20, 02:22, 20:00 20:02, 20:20, 20:22, 22:00, 22:02, 22:20 and 22 : 22.

Of the points in time listed above, five are the most powerful (those that contain the maximum number of twos). This: 02:22, 20:22, 22:02, 22:20 and 22:22... Time in all cases is local.

That is, what time to make wishes on 02/22/2020 (5 points in time):
* at 2 hours 22 minutes (02:22).
* at 20 hours 22 minutes (20:22).
* at 22 hours 02 minutes (22:02).
* at 22 hours 20 minutes (22:20).
* at 22 hours 22 minutes (22:22).

Also this month, you can make a wish on the February new moon, which will come February 23, 2020 at 18.30.

The word "television" comes from the Greek "tele" (far away) and the Latin "visio" (vision). In our country, television has gone a long way of development - from mechanical to electronic and digital. It can be argued that no other media outlet has such a rich and rapidly developing history.

Today it is difficult to imagine that it was possible to watch the image not on the screen of a familiar picture tube, but on a rotating metal disk with holes through which light fell on a photocell installed opposite, which turned it into electrical signals. The image was decomposed due to the rotation of the disk. The fast rotation of the disc allowed the viewer to see the whole picture. The birth of television begins with this simple optical-mechanical progressive scan device, invented by German student Paul Nipkov.

Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (1860-1940)

Inventors who contributed to the development of television

The history of television is the history of research, inventions, technical experiments. Television doesn't have one inventor. From the very beginning, the development of ideas for electrical transmission of images was international. By the beginning of the XX century. at least two dozen projects were put forward, including five in Russia, under the names "telephoto", "electric telescope", "telephot", etc.

Thus, the project of the world's first television system for transmitting images over a distance was proposed in 1880 by a Russian scientist, Professor Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev.

Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev (1860-1913)

The scheme he proposed later became the basis for television. To transmit an image over a distance, as the scientist believed, it must first be decomposed into separate elements, then the elements are sequentially transmitted and reassembled into a single whole. Bakhmetyev called such a possible television system a "telephoto". It was not possible to practically implement it at that time, there was no material and technical base.

In 1900, the talented experimenter Aleksandr Apollonovich Polumordvinov developed the first optical-mechanical system for transmitting a color image, called the "telephoto". The system has become a major technological discovery. The inventor received a privilege, and the principle of color reproduction developed by him is still used today.

Alexander Apollonovich Polumordvinov (1874-1941)

In 1907, Boris Lvovich Rosing, a professor at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, whom the whole world considers the founder of electronic television, after many years of experience patented the method of "electric telescope", that is, transmission of images over a distance using a cathode-ray tube. Rosing's experiments were a continuation of the technology of decomposing a television image into a number of elements with transmission over communication channels and their re-creation by the receiving system. In the use of electronic devices, Rosing saw the only correct way to implement television, and this task, he believed, could be solved only with the help of an electron beam. This bold conclusion was made by the scientist at a time when electronics itself was in its infancy. Rosing's ideas were developed in the development of his student Vladimir Zworykin, who emigrated to America in 1919 and became there "the inventor of American electronic television."

Boris Lvovich Rosing (1869-1933)

However, even earlier, at the end of the 19th century, the German inventor Paul Nipkov invented the basis for mechanical television. As a student, he in 1883-1884. created a system whose idea was to use a disc with holes to divide the image into individual elements.

Legend has it that the first victim of his experiments was a coffee table, in which Nipkov drilled many holes arranged in an Archimedes spiral. Nipkow's next victim was his modest savings, spent on the purchase of a patent, which he received a year later, on January 15, 1885. This patent for an "electric telescope" (later known as the Nipkoff disk), which would then be widely used in mechanical television, made Nipkov was famous, and the disc was an important element of the so-called mechanical television for several decades (in our country, for example, up to the beginning of the 1940s). But, having received a patent for an invention, the young researcher was never able to develop his own device, and 15 years later the patent was revoked due to lack of interest in the invention. By this time, Paul Nipkov was already working as a designer at the Berlin Institute and was no longer interested in the topic of image transmission.

Nipkow disc

It will take another two decades before this invention will be in demand. Scientists and inventors from England, Germany, Russia, America worked intensively to improve the equipment for transmitting moving images. To implement the idea of ​​image transmission, it was necessary not only a scanning mechanism, which became Paul Nipkov's disk, but also a converter of light energy into electrical energy. A light-sensitive device-sensor appeared in 1888 thanks to the work of the scientist of Moscow University Alexander Grigorievich Stoletov, who proved by laboratory experiments the possibility of converting light energy into electrical energy. Based on this discovery of Stoletov, Boris Lvovich Rosing at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology will subsequently make developments that will make it possible to call him the founder of electronic television.

Alexander G. Stoletov (1839-1896)

Interestingly, Paul Nipkov first saw the practical application of his invention 40 years later, in 1928, at one of the international exhibitions of radio engineering achievements in Berlin. “Finally, I can be calm,” he shared his impressions of watching mechanical TV. I saw a shimmering surface on which something was moving, although it was impossible to distinguish what it was. "

The construction of a transmitting device and a receiver (with a Nipkov disk) was actively carried out at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute in Moscow. The created system gave an image decomposed into 30 lines (1200 elements). Professor P. V. Shmakov recalls the first days of the apparatus operation: “A screen from a matchbox and the transmission that we managed to“ catch ”is a dancing couple. She is in white, he is in black. At parting, she waved her handkerchief, and he lit a cigarette. Smoke was visible. That's all. Simple, nothing fantastical, but the transmission overcame a thousand-kilometer space, it was a small victory of man over space, and this alone made his chest bursting ”(V. Uzilevsky Legend of the Crystal Egg. Leningrad: Lenizdat, 1965).

First experimental television broadcast

Experimental television broadcasting with a mechanical scanning system of 30 lines started in 1929-1931. in the leading countries of the world almost simultaneously. The 30-line format, created in Germany, has become the de facto international standard.

On April 30, 1931, the newspaper Pravda printed a message: “Tomorrow, for the first time in the USSR, an experimental television (far-vision) broadcast will be broadcast by radio. From the short-wave transmitter RVEI-1 of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (Moscow) at a wavelength of 56.6 meters, an image of a live face and photographs will be transmitted "(True. 1931. Apr 30). This first public television show featured lab staff (moving images!) And photographic portraits - without audio,"Dumb".

After a series of experimental television communications, it was decided to conduct test television broadcasts. For this purpose, the equipment from the laboratory of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute was transferred to the building of the Moscow radio broadcasting center at Nikolskaya, 7, from where it was possible to send a signal to broadcast radio transmitters and where a small studio was equipped. First trial n The broadcast took place on the night of October 1, 1931 through the radio station of the Moscow Council of Trade Unions. It is not known how many televisions were receiving it at that moment, but contemporaries claimed that there were at least ten of them. The broadcasts became regular. The content of these programs was not specially prepared, it was an amateur performance. And they had to perform in a dark studio, which was illuminated by a "running beam" created by the light of a powerful movie lamp, covered by a rotating Nipkov disc.

The first domestic TV show

Information about the first broadcast television program on October 1, 1931 hit the central newspapers and this date is considered the official date of the start of domestic television broadcasting.

The broadcasts addressed to radio viewers, as those who received television broadcasts were then called, were conducted on the basis of a solid program. True, there were very few TVs. The screen did not exceed the size of a matchbox. According to current concepts, television technology in the early 1930s. looks extremely modest, but it was then, in 1931, that television became a practical reality, and this is the invaluable merit of the pioneers.

The country's first set of television equipment, through which transmissions were transmitted from the control room of the Moscow radio broadcasting center, was created by the outstanding scientist Pavel Vasilyevich Shmakov. By the way, he came up with the idea of ​​using an aircraft flying between the points of signal transmission and reception as a repeater. This idea of ​​the scientist was developed during the World Festival of Youth and Students in Moscow in 1957 and at the meeting of the first cosmonaut of the Planet Yuri Gagarin in 1961.

Pavel Vasilievich Shmakov (1885-1982)

Mechanical television in a short time became widespread and became available to everyone. The broadcasts were received by radio amateurs in Tomsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Odessa, Smolensk, Leningrad, Kiev, Kharkov.

Due to the fact that television in our country began as a mechanical one, the idea of ​​“seeing at a distance” was spread much faster and wider than electronic television would have allowed.

Since the transmission of mechanical television are conducted on medium and long waves, they can be received everywhere, and the television center in Moscow could cover almost the entire territory of the USSR. Electronic television transmissions can only be conducted on ultrashort waves, which propagate only within the line of sight from the transmitter antenna to the receiver antenna. Therefore, if Soviet television began as electronic, only residents of Moscow and the suburbs could show interest in it. Of course, such a limited coverage of the television center would not have the possibility of widespread dissemination of the idea of ​​television. The interest in television, awakened by the first experimental broadcasts, stimulated the growth of public demand for it.

To cover the vast territory of the country with television broadcasting, it was necessary either to build a sufficient number of TV program centers, or to connect cities and villages with a network of cable or radio relay lines. The development of Soviet television in the 1950s. went the first way.

Mechanical television had one major drawback - very low picture quality. On such a small screen, there could be no other. To enlarge the screen to the size of an average photograph (9 x 12 cm), the disc in the camera had to be over two meters in diameter. For about 20 years, electronic and mechanical television competed with each other, and only by the beginning of the 1940s. the latter was forced to give way to a more perfect and promising system.

In most developed countries, experimental television transmissions via electronic TV systems that eventually pushed mechanical television aside began between 1936 and 1940.

Mechanical television transmissions from Moscow ceased in December 1938 with the launch of a new television center on Shabolovka, already based on electronic principles.

TV today can not be called a luxury item, as it was 50 years ago. This device is now in every home. The whole family gathers around it in the evenings and on weekends, and this is a real center of entertainment and receiving the most up-to-date information on events in the country and in the world. This piece of furniture has become so familiar that it seems as if it has always existed. But this achievement of scientific and technological progress has its own history of appearance. It would not be superfluous to note the names of its creators and recall the long path of its development.

The history of the discovery of the TV

The appearance of the TV was preceded by several very important and interesting events in the world of science and technology. It was they who made possible this invention, which very soon became a very important achievement that completely transformed our lives.

We list only the most important discoveries in science that influenced the creation of this device:

• the creation of the theory of light waves - the physicist Huygens, who went down in history, was able to understand the nature of light;
• discovery of electromagnetic waves - Maxwell;
• the discovery of the possibility of influencing the parameters of the electric current by changing the resistance - it is this discovery of the scientist with the popular name Smith that is associated with the very first experiments in the creation of television systems;
• discovery of the influence of light on electricity - Alexander Stoletov.

By the way, it was Stoletov who had the honor of creating the "electric eye" - that is how the prototype of a modern photocell was called at that time. True, the photoelectric effect was first discovered by Heinrich Hertz, but he was never able to figure out how to use this phenomenon in practice. Stoletov did it for him, that's why he is considered a pioneer.

It is also important to remember that it was studied (at about the same time), how light affects the chemical composition of certain substances. As a result, the photoelectric effect was discovered, and it became clear to the scientific community that a picture can not only be “drawn” using electromagnetic waves, but also transmitted over a certain distance. And the interest of scientists and technicians was spurred on by the invention of the radio, which had already become famous at that time. Now nothing could hinder progress. The creation of the first television was predetermined.

Speaking about who invented the television, which after a while became the most popular and important means of disseminating and receiving information, one cannot name a single name - a lot of people participated in its creation.

It all began with the work of the German technician Paul Nipkov, who in 1884 created a device that performs line-by-line scanning of any picture that could be transmitted to the screen in the form of an optical-mechanical scan. The device was mechanical and received the name "Nipkov disk". It was on its basis that the first electromechanical apparatus was designed, which can already be called a TV. Television systems based on the Nipkow disk were known until the 1930s.

The very first picture tube was created by Karl Brown. It was named "Brown's tube" and became the prototype of modern picture tubes, which were used until the appearance of liquid crystal and plasma panels.

Speaking about the first device, which can already be called a TV, it is necessary to recall the name of the Scotsman John Byrd. He created a mechanical apparatus based on the Nipkov disk and put it into production. Byrd proved to be a very entrepreneurial man, and his corporation thrived in the absence of competitors. True, his televisions did not have sound, but, despite this, they enjoyed noticeable popularity. The signal was transmitted over a fairly long distance - in 1927, communication was organized between London and Glasgow at a distance of about 700 kilometers. However, the future of television lay in the electronic tube invented by Brown.

Who invented the modern TV

Since its inception, Brown's pipe has not spread. However, a few years later the Russian scientist Boris Rosing became interested in it, and in 1907 he patented a similar device. There were no mechanical parts in his systems, and therefore they can be called the first completely electronic devices.

And the date of the appearance of the first TV set with an iconoscope (as its creator Vladimir Zvorykin, a student of Rosing called the tube), is considered 1933. The TV was assembled in the American laboratory of a scientist who left Russia after the revolution. It is Zvorykin who has the honor to be called the creator of modern television. Zvorykin's TV entered mass production in 1939. The device had a 3x4 cm screen.

The first device to replace the mechanical Nipkow disc was created by the American Francois Philo Taylor and was called the Image Dissector. The device scanned the image like a Nipkow disk and divided it into electrical signals that could already be transmitted. He also built the first fully electronic system, which was presented to the public in 1934.

After this series of inventions, experiments in the creation and development of television systems spread throughout the world.

Color TV

At first, scientists and technicians were faced with the task of transferring pictures. Naturally, the first more or less high-quality images were rendered in halftones; few people thought about color rendering. And yet the idea of ​​transmitting a color picture over a distance did not leave the minds of scientists and technicians. The very first experiments were carried out at a time when Byrd's mechanical receivers dominated the market. The first studies were presented to the scientific community by Hovhannes Adamyan. At the very beginning of the 20th century, he patented a device that worked in two colors.

In 1928, the first apparatus was presented that was capable of transmitting a color image sequentially behind three color filters. This device became the prototype of the modern full-color TV.

Real progress in this area began after the Second World War. All of the countries' resources were used to rebuild the war-affected economy and to improve the quality of life of the population. For image transmission, they began to use waves in the decimeter range.

The American Triniscope system, which was introduced to the public in 1940, became the basis for further research in this area. She worked on the basis of three picture tubes, each of which took only the color intended for it. The result was a color picture.

After that, progress in the field of color television could not be stopped.

The creation of a television in the USSR

The Soviet Union lagged somewhat behind other advanced countries in the development of television and research in terms of image transmission. This was facilitated, in particular, by the difficulties in the country's economy caused by the Great Patriotic War.

The first experiments in the transmission of television images took place back in 1931. The very first TV was assembled on the Nipkov disc. It was produced at the Leningrad plant "Comintern" and was not an independent device, but a set-top box that had to be connected to a radio receiver. The TV had a 3x4 cm screen.

Engineers all over the country assembled the devices themselves. For this purpose, detailed instructions were even published in the Radiofront magazine. The assembly process was extremely simple, so the first TVs of this type appeared in Soviet families.

How the first television appeared

More or less regular television broadcasting appeared in the USSR in 1931 after the launch of a broadcasting station on medium waves. At first, the signal was received by only three dozen mechanical devices, but the audience was significantly expanded by "homemade products". Here are the main milestones in the development of television in the USSR:

• 1949: mastering the production of mass television sets KVN with a cathode-ray tube;
• 1951: creation of the Central Television and Radio Broadcasting Company;
• 1959: experiments with color television broadcasting;
• 1965: First satellite broadcasting a signal to the entire country.

TV studios began to appear not only in Moscow, but also in other large cities of the country. A whole spectrum of TV programs of the most varied directions has appeared. The industry produced more and more modern television receivers. And all this led to the emergence of the modern television environment that we have today.