What are the technologies in technology. What is technology? New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T

Technology

Wherein:

under the term product one should understand any final product of labor (material, intellectual, moral, political, etc.);

the term nominal quality should be understood as predictable or predetermined quality, for example, stipulated by the terms of reference and agreed upon by the technical proposal;

the term optimal costs should be understood as the minimum possible costs that do not entail deterioration in working conditions, sanitary and environmental standards, technical and fire safety standards, excessive wear of labor tools, as well as financial, economic, political and other risks.

Application of the term

In industry and agriculture, the presentation of technology is described in documents called an operational process map (for a detailed description) or a route map (for a brief description). In theatrical art, the technology of performing performances, plays, filming, ... is described by the script. In relation to political economy and economics, when public opinion changes, the term PR (from English PR - Public Relations - communication with the general public) is used, which is often misperceived by the public as an advertising / information campaign.

Moral technologies are the laws of ancestors (what cannot be done, or if done, then what and how), the rules of human behavior in society, the code of honor, the constitution (in a civilized society), concepts (in the criminal world), etc.

In colloquial speech, the term technology is often replaced by the English phrase Know How (know-how) - know how (to do).

either technology in its pure form, covering methods and techniques for the production of goods and services (dissembled technology);
or embodied technology, covering machines, equipment, structures, entire production systems and products with high technical and economic parameters (embodied technology).

The tautological turnover "production technology" is also widespread.

Story

At the end of the 18th century, in the general array of knowledge about technology, they began to distinguish between a traditional descriptive section and a new, emerging one, which was called "technology". Johann Beckmann (1739-1811) introduced the term "technology" into scientific use, which he called the scientific discipline that he taught at the German University in Götting since 1772. In 1777, he published the work "Introduction to Technology", where he wrote: " A review of inventions, their development and advances in the arts and crafts may be called the history of the technical arts; technology, which explains in general, methodically and definitely all kinds of labor with their consequences and causes, is much more. Later, in the five-volume work Essays on the History of Inventions (1780-1805), he developed this concept. .

Technology - in a broad sense - the amount of knowledge that can be used to produce goods and services from economic resources. Technology - in the narrow sense - a way of converting matter, energy, information in the process of manufacturing products, processing and processing materials, assembling finished products, quality control, management. Technology includes methods, techniques, mode of operation, sequence of operations and procedures, it is closely related to the means used, equipment, tools, materials used.

Modern technologies are based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress and are focused on the production of a product: material technology creates a material product, information technology (IT) - an information product. Technology is also a scientific discipline that develops and improves methods and tools of production. In everyday life, it is customary to call technology a description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological requirements, etc. Technology or technological process often referred to as the extraction, transportation and processing operations themselves, which are the basis of the production process. Technical control in production is also part of the technology. Technology development is carried out by technologists, engineers, designers, programmers and other specialists in their respective fields.

History of technology development

The moment of transition from art to technology actually created modern human civilization, made possible its further development and improvement.

Over time, technology has undergone significant changes, and if once technology meant a simple skill, now technology is a complex set of know-how knowledge, sometimes obtained with the help of expensive research.

High tech

The newest and most advanced technologies of our time are referred to as high technology(English) high technology, high-tech). The transition to the use of high technologies and the equipment corresponding to them is the most important link in the scientific and technological revolution (STR) at the present stage. High technologies usually include the most science-intensive industries: microelectronics, computers, robotics, nuclear power, aircraft manufacturing, space technology, microbiological industry.

Technology classification

Engineering technologies

Engineering technologies - development of processes for the design and production of various machines and devices.

These include technical calculations, the choice of materials and production technology, as well as the design of machine-building plants and the organization of production at them.

Information Technology

Information Technology (IT, English information technology, IT ) - a wide class of disciplines and fields of activity related to technologies management, accumulation, processing and transmission of information.

Information technology is a process that uses a set of means and methods for collecting, accumulating, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain new quality information about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product). This process consists of a clearly regulated sequence of operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity on data stored on computers. The main goal of information technology is to obtain the information necessary for the user as a result of targeted actions for the processing of primary information.

The components of technologies for the production of products are hardware (hardware), software (tools), mathematical and information support for this process.

Basically, information technology refers to Computer techologies. In particular, IT deals with the use of computers and software to store, transform, protect, process, transmit and receive information. For this reason, computer professionals are often referred to as IT professionals.

Telecommunication technologies

Innovative technologies

Innovative technologies - sets of methods and tools that support the stages of innovation implementation. There are types of innovative technologies:

training (training and incubation of small enterprises);
transfer;

Technology life cycle

The technology life cycle is a set of stages from the birth of technological innovations to their routineization.

The technology life cycle consists of 5 stages:

Latest technology - any new technology that has high potential
Advanced technology - technology that has proven itself, but is still quite new, has little market penetration.
Modern technology - Recognized technology, is the standard, the demand for this technology is increasing
Not new technology - still useful technology, but newer technology already exists, so demand starts to fall
Obsolete technology - the technology becomes obsolete and is replaced by a more advanced one, there is very little demand, or the complete abandonment of this technology in favor of a new one

Types of technology consumers

Innovators - Follow the technological innovations. As a rule, they try to get access to them even before they are widely available on the market.
Early Adopters - Their purchasing decision will be based on their perceived degree of fit between the benefits of the new technology and their interests.
Early majority - for them, the practical value of the new technology is an important factor
Late majority - they wait until the product becomes an accepted standard,
Lagging behind - do not follow technological innovations and acquire if this technology is implemented in any product, but do not use it.

What is technology: definition

The term under consideration has several meanings at the same time. We will look at each of them:

First of all, it is possible to explain what technology is like this - it is a set of methods for manufacturing, processing, processing (and similar processes) of raw materials, as a result of which the original substance changes its properties, turning into the desired product.
In addition, in simple terms, this is the knowledge and skills of making something, whether it be kefir from milk, atomic energy, or teaching children to read and arithmetic.
Also, technologies are directly referred to as the technological processes of manufacturing something.

This is also the name of the science of craftsmanship. As a scientific discipline, it concentrates on the invention and study of ways and methods of carrying out various production processes. Her area of interest is their optimization, by searching for less costly, but more efficient ways to manufacture a particular product, as well as analysis and forecasting of the development of the industry as a whole.

Structure

Having learned all the answers to the question of what technologies are, one should consider the constituent elements, without which this phenomenon cannot exist:

Technological object or, as it is also called, the subject of technological influence. This is the name of the object of labor, that is, the raw material that is exposed.
Means of labor (also called technological). These are the tools (programs, etc.) that help the craftsman make products.
Carrier of technological functions (master). It is noteworthy that this role can be played not only by one person, but also by a whole team, as well as programmed equipment.
The level of technological development of society. It depends on him the type of technology used in the modern world. For example, the invention of electricity was the beginning of a new round in the development of industry - with its help it became possible not only to illuminate everything more efficiently and safely, but also to use it as a battery for a series of devices.

Technology life cycle

Having learned what technologies are and what they depend on, it is important to consider what the life cycle of any of them is. It consists of five stages:

New technology. The period when it is born and has a greater potential than all those existing before it (in its industry).
Advanced. At this stage, the technology has already proven itself in practice as the best of its kind. However, it has not yet received sufficient distribution. As a rule, this is due to the need to modernize production, and this always requires costs.
Modern technology. The stage of its transformation into a certain standard, which everyone equals.
Not new. The period when this method is still relevant and effective, but a newer one already exists. As an example of the presence of technology at this stage, we can cite the method of water purification with chlorine. In the old days, it was considered the most effective and affordable. However, today all progressive states refuse chlorination, choosing ozonation. This technology is safer and more effective, although more expensive. At the same time, most of the countries of the post-Soviet space continue to use obsolete chlorination, since they do not have enough funds to modernize the drinking water purification system.
Outdated. Gradual complete displacement of the old technique by a more modern one.

General classification of technologies

Having considered what production technology is, it is worth paying attention to its types. This concept is classified into various categories:

Difficulty level - easy and hard.
Scope - scientific technologies, educational, industrial.
The type of required resources is capital-intensive, energy-intensive and knowledge-intensive.

Depending on the quality of media processing - low-, medium-, high-level.
The goal is creative, destructive, dual purpose.
By creation priorities - primary, conversion.

Types of technologies by industry

It should be noted that the above methods of classifying the concept under study are not the only ones. Most modern scientists are still arguing about this. In practice, all types of methods and methods of production are divided into types, according to their areas of application:

Production technologies. These include all the techniques used in the manufacture of various products. This species has a whole range of subspecies. As a rule, they are distinguished either by the field of production (engineering, food technologies, biotechnologies, and the like), or by the type of materials used (chemical, nuclear, etc.).
Military - aimed at ensuring the effective conduct of hostilities.
Space - associated with the attempts of mankind to master space.

Transport - specialize in providing transportation of passengers and goods.
Information technology is a program-but-tech-niche-sky and tech-no-lo-gi-che-sky means and methods aimed at collecting, saving, analyzing, processing and distributing -country of information in society. These also include technical and software environments, or-ga-ni-for-qi-on-no-methodical support-pe-che-nie.
Telecommunication - aimed at providing communication. In the modern world, this is television, radio, telephony, the Internet and the like.

Social - a system of practical knowledge, as well as ways to solve problems of managing people's behavior in society. They are developed and used for social design planning.

Innovative social technologies

Apart from all the above types of technologies are innovative. They are also called "technologies of technologies". They are aimed at the successful implementation of the latest techniques and methods of production. It turns out that any development and use of technologies (own or borrowed from other countries) is impossible without them.

There are several subspecies:

implementation;
training and incubation of small enterprises (training);
consulting;
transfer;
audit;
engineering.

What is pedagogical technology

Considering this topic, it is worth dwelling on such a phenomenon as pedagogical technologies. They belong to the educational type - that is, to non-material production.

What is educational technology? This is a set of methods and techniques used to achieve pre-planned goals of the educational process.

This technology comes in three forms:

Scientific - focused on developing a scientific basis for any pedagogical activities.
Procedural-descriptive is a description of the algorithm of any pedagogical technology.
Procedurally efficient - implementation of the above algorithm.

The term technology is interpreted quite broadly in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia: “Technology ... a set of techniques and methods for obtaining, processing or processing raw materials, materials, semi-finished products or products carried out in various industries, construction, etc. ... a scientific discipline that develops such techniques and methods ... the operations of extraction, processing, processing, storage themselves, which are the main component of the production process ... description of production processes, instructions for their implementation, technological rules, requirements, maps, schedules, etc. ...” A narrower and somewhat different interpretation is given by the authors of the polytechnic dictionary: “Technology ... a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, material or semi-finished products used in the production process to obtain finished products ... the science of how to influence raw materials , materials and semi-products by the corresponding tools of production” .

Comparing these formulations of the subject of technology, we can talk about different principles of approach to generalizing definitions. In TSB, technology is understood quite broadly and is divided into objective (operating, functioning in various sectors of the national economy) and subjective (scientific).

In the polytechnical dictionary, the scientific side of technology narrows down to the moment of interaction of certain tools with the objects of labor, i.e. before production operations. And this means that the subjective side of technology is reduced to the objective, functioning one, and the essentially scientific side of technology is not recognized. In this case, we mean “a set of methods ... of manufacturing ... products”, “methods of influencing raw materials ... with appropriate production tools” or a set of processes and the processes themselves that make up an active, practical technology, but not at all the scientific, abstract side of these processes, which is not includes specific tools or a person.

Such a position leads to an incorrect interpretation of the generalizing concepts of scientific and theoretical technologies, to their replacement by technical sciences and, ultimately, to metaphysics, technicism.

When analyzing practical technology, it cannot be separated from technology and means of labor. It follows from this that modern technology is inherently ambiguous and has several aspects. The most important of them are objective and subjective. The latter, in turn, has a scientific and theoretical side.

Thus, we are faced with the problem of the objective and the subjective in technology, that is, with practical and theoretical technology. This is the reason for the different interpretations of the terms.

At all hierarchical levels of organization, technology is divided into practical (objective), scientific and theoretical (subjective). Scientific technology is directly related to practical technology, and theoretical technology is directly related to scientific technology.

practical technology

practical technology- this is a set of processes and operations worked out by experience to create a certain type of use value. This technology can be presented, depicted, described, etc.

The tasks of the current technology vary depending on the conditions of its functioning. The main tasks in the field of material production include: finding and implementing means of intensifying technological processes; control of the technologist of the means of production, changes in the conditions of production; preparation of production for the release of new goods or goods of improved quality.

The characteristic features of an objective, operating technology are: dynamism, concreteness, material conditionality and consistency (a strict sequence of actions, operations, movements).

Dynamism of technology The dynamism of technology reflects the performance of any processes, movements, actions, the intermediate states of which can be depicted in the form of symbols, drawings, diagrams, drawings, and in full - with the help of modern technical means (television or verbal description). These can be production processes (how to get a chemical fiber), physiological (how to make a hairstyle), managerial or instructive (how to process information and make a decision), as well as creative (how to get new technologies).

These processes are carried out with the obligatory participation of a person thanks to his creativity and work. The simple moments of the labor process are: expedient activity, or labor itself, the object of labor and the means of labor. All types of activity, any technology and any production are based on this triad. The other two elements of the productive forces are the objects and means of labor, the totality of which is called the means of production. The objects of labor are all that it is aimed at. By themselves, they do not create dynamics, but act only as material carriers of purposeful influences, as a result of which they either move in space, or pass from one state to another, or change their structure, gradually turning into use value or goods.

The combination of labor with its object is the content of the technological process of transforming the latter into finished products, the essence of the interaction of man with nature.

To get the result of his activity, a person must know the laws according to which the object of labor changes, and skillfully use them (practical technology). Previously, these laws were known directly by labor, by the acquisition of experience, passed down from generation to generation. This form remained the main one in certain areas of art. In the sphere of material production, however, the situation has changed dramatically. The objects of labor act here as a kind of link between science and production. At the same time, the means of labor (technics) play an important role, which makes it possible to sharply increase the capabilities of a person through the use of the laws of nature. The achieved level of their development saved people from direct impact on the object of labor. Man began to only manage complex machines. Therefore, modern technology, abstracting from concrete and collective labor, studies the interaction of the means of production in the process of purposeful human activity. It was the abstraction from specific labor that made it possible to single out technology as an independent scientific discipline.

Specificity of technology The specificity of technology is reflected in the purposefulness of its processes to achieve a certain result. The usefulness of a thing, the property of an object to satisfy some human need is called use value, and if it is intended for exchange on the market, it is called a commodity.

Technology is interested in goods or use values from the standpoint of concretizing the task and clarifying technological processes, since the image of the final product dictates their type, its necessary means of production and the qualifications of the performer. If we neglect the concretization of use values, we get an abstract, or theoretical, technology.

Material conditionality of technology Concreteness is closely connected with the material conditionality of technology, which presupposes the presence of three components of the objective world: objects of labor, means of labor, and labor itself. The modern scale of these components is such that they require strict control of both internal processes and external interaction with nature.

Modern scientific technology is designed not only to study and design production systems, but to implement the most effective of them or provide new effects on the objects of labor that would significantly exceed the existing ones in terms of productivity, speed, safety and economy.

External material conditionality implies economic and ecological balance of production with the environment.

Consequently, modern scientific technology must not only select and design the most efficient processes for creating use values, but also justify the balance of production with the environment.

Logic of technology Logic (a strict sequence of actions, operations, movements) of technology is the ordering in time and space of the main, auxiliary and service processes, their complete interconnection in all parameters (performance, speed, etc.). Logic is usually worked out for a long time by experience, practice, testing and verification of both individual processes and their combination in real production conditions and the environment. In this case, the necessary skills for the performers, the requirements for the production process, compliance with safety regulations, etc. are also developed. All this is necessary to achieve the main goal - obtaining a product (use value) of the type and those properties and qualities that the consumer needs.

scientific technology

scientific technology studies and generalizes the experience of creating use values. The subject of its study is the processes of interaction of means of labor, objects of labor and the environment in the creation of the whole variety of use values. In the field of material production, its tasks are as follows: to study the patterns of the processes of transformation of objects of labor into products or goods; finding progressive methods of influencing the objects of labor, their verification; development of measures for nature protection; selection and design of the most effective and safe practical technology.

Theoretical technology

Theoretical technology studies the dialectics of technology and the possibility of using the laws of development of nature and society to transform the material and spiritual world of man. The subject of her research is the processes of development of the cognitive and transforming activity of a person. Main tasks: knowledge of the laws of human interaction with nature; study of the possibilities and conditions for the practical application of the known laws or patterns; development, justification and experimental verification of new technological processes.

The main problem of theoretical technology relates to the development of the “man-nature” system. It consists in developing a strategy and tactics for the optimal development of human civilization in the near future. The main criterion and at the same time a limiting condition in solving the main problem should be the fulfillment of the requirement that relations between opposites should not develop into antagonistic ones (for example, contradictions between nature and technology, between man and nature, etc.). Many other problems are connected with the main problem, such as specialization and integration, systematization of processes and their forms, classification of sciences, natural and technological processes.

Technology is an important part of modern civilization. What it is, almost everyone understands. But it is rather difficult for people to correctly formulate their knowledge, oddly enough. Perhaps this is because few people are familiar with the exact definition.

What is technology?

Technology is a complex of engineering and scientific knowledge that has been embodied in the means and methods of labor, sets of material components of production, as well as the types of their combinations that are created to obtain a particular product or service. You can also find the use of this term as a set of methods for processing raw materials and materials, manufacturing products and all the processes that accompany these types of work. The most popular at the moment is the phrase "high technology". It is used to denote the performance of a complex type of work, the end result of which will be an amazing result, which is based on the microcosm around us.

What are the requirements for modern technologies?

Since their appearance hundreds of thousands of years ago, they have improved significantly. Previously, technology was a primitive set of actions that can now be recreated by almost any modern person. But as time went on, they became more difficult. Now modern basic technologies put forward requirements an order of magnitude higher.

There must be a system integrity (completeness) of the process. It should include a set of elements that will ensure the required completion of actions, which will lead to the achievement of the goal.
A significant degree of division of the process into separate stages or phases of execution.
Regularity and unambiguity, which will allow the use of average values in order to characterize the actions performed and carry out their unification and standardization.
Technology should be inextricably linked with the production process itself and displayed as a set of actions that are performed over time.
The whole process is carried out in special artificial systems that are created to ensure the realization of individual needs.

Characteristics of technological processes

What they are, we have already decided. What requirements are put forward to modern technologies is also already known. What can be said about their specific characteristics? What should be To do this, let's get acquainted with such three points that will allow us to evaluate them "from the inside".

The process should be divided into internal interrelated operations, phases and states that provide optimal or close to it development dynamics. The rational limits of the requirements put forward to the personnel who will work with this technology should also be determined.
It is necessary to have coordination of interaction and consistent execution of actions and operations that are aimed at obtaining the desired result. And all this should be based on the logic of the development and functioning of each specific process.
It is necessary to provide for the uniqueness of the implementation of all procedures and operations that are provided by the technology. This is an indispensable and determining condition for achieving the necessary results in compliance with the necessary norms and standards.

It is impossible to understand what technologies are without knowing their properties, which have already been listed above.

Technology Challenges

Why do we need these developments? What tasks are performed by technologies in our hands? To answer these questions, it is necessary to know that technologies are a set of ways and means by which a control process is carried out from a wide variety of its implementations. What will be defined as the goal is the task facing the technology.

Any set of methods and means is based on the following components:

the purpose of the implementation (aka task), which provides the greatest interest to other people;
an object that is subject to technological changes;
methods and ways of influencing it;
means of technical influence on the object of interest;
organization and ordering of processes.

Thus, high technology should provide us with an easier and more comfortable life. This is done by automating complex processes and facilitating the implementation of various operations. But with an increase in the number of people who have access to benefits, a number of problems arise (for example, environmental ones) that require an integrated approach to finding their solution.

Implementation of technologies

This is the name of the sequence of changing states, sets of actions or stages of work. Speaking about what technology is, it is difficult to ignore the concept. It is necessary to talk about it so that there are no misunderstandings in the future. Under the production process is understood a set of operations that are interrelated, as well as changes in resources that are aimed at obtaining certain products. This is important for understanding the essence of things and the correct operation of the terminology base. Those processes that have their clear implementation schemes can be represented as a small list.

Programmable and research technologies;
Chaotic and automated processes.

What are the different types of technological processes responsible for?

Let's take a closer look at what they are responsible for.

Automatic processes. Actions are performed without the slightest deviation. Since such work is not possible for a person, but only for high-tech devices, the designation "automatic" was introduced;
chaotic processes. All causal relationships are statistical and probabilistic;
Programmable technology. It is characterized by a certain sequence of processes for processing the information received in accordance with the given commands.
Vocational technology. Engaged in determining the sequence of processing units, parts and products using a specific algorithm.
Scientific and technical technology. Works out the issues of the sequence of processes for processing the components of the work object (which are parts, information, products, units) in accordance with a given process and when using intellectual processing tools.
Research technology. Is not fully defined. It can change throughout the process to get the desired result. Always used intelligently

How are technologies developing, and what are their prospects?

It is impossible not to note the significant acceleration of technological progress and the development of technology that has occurred over the past century. The 20th century was a real breakthrough in science. Now the most actively developing are those areas from which the greatest benefit can be extracted in the near future (this follows from the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation). The development of technologies that will be of significant importance in the distant future rests solely with states. This is due to the fact that certain financial resources are required for their promotion, but when the result will be, and practical (and read commercial) application is unknown. But despite this, the development of technology, depending on the task, can be performed by a separate interested person.

Application of technology in everyday life

You can see them at almost every step. What are farmers guided by when they grow their products? On the technology of tillage, sowing, care of vegetation (treatment with pesticides and fertilization of the land) and much more. It's the same with industrialists - before you make a car, you need to think about how the parts that make it up will be created first, and then the car itself. Even pedagogy has its own technologies - they only refer to the specifics of the implementation of the educational process in kindergartens, schools, and universities.

The use of technology allows our society to function and develop at the same pace as it does now.

Conclusion

That's how different, complex and necessary they are. There are both creative technologies and technical ones - so to speak, for every taste and for any. To improve life, it is necessary to massively connect all people to these delights. After all, when many people know the answer to what technologies are and what their role is in our lives, then in this case we can count on a faster solution to our problems.

	technology in Wiktionary
	Technology at Wikiquote

What are the technologies in technology. What is technology? New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T

Application of the term

Story

History of technology development

High tech

Technology classification

Engineering technologies

Information Technology

Telecommunication technologies

Innovative technologies

Technology life cycle

Types of technology consumers

see also

What is technology: definition

Structure

Technology life cycle

General classification of technologies

Types of technologies by industry

Innovative social technologies

What is pedagogical technology

What is technology?

What are the requirements for modern technologies?

Characteristics of technological processes

Technology Challenges

Implementation of technologies

What are the different types of technological processes responsible for?

How are technologies developing, and what are their prospects?

Application of technology in everyday life

Conclusion